The Duke Criteria for Endocarditis remind us: one major criterion is a positive blood culture. But don’t be fooled – as the new ESC 2023/2024 guidelines highlight, a single negative culture does not rule out infection. 🧫 The microbiological workup can be complex, requiring blood cultures, serologies, PCR, and sometimes advanced molecular testing. This updated algorithm is designed to catch those tricky cases of blood culture–negative infective endocarditis (BCNIE) – ensuring we don’t miss the d