It can be shown that the Costas loops for BPSK and QPSK are equivalent to 2nd and 4th power non-linearities followed by a PLL. Block diagrams for the BPSK and QPSK Costas loops are shown in Figure 6 ...

Students who were thoroughly prepared with the textbook content were well-equipped to tackle the paper.” A good balance of diagrams and numericals was maintained, academic coordinator added that the ...

Optical wireless communication (OWC) offers significant advantages over traditional radio frequency systems due to its high bandwidth, ease of deployment, license-free operation, immunity to ...