An engineer asked me for help when he encountered what appeared to be strange phenomenon while testing a prototype circuit in the system. He saw “mysterious” clipping distortion of the signal at the ...

LVPECL is an established high-frequency differential signaling standard that dates back to the 1970s and earlier when high-speed IC technology was limited to NPN transistors only. Since only an active ...

If you got your start in electronics sometime after 1980 your first project might well have been to light up an LED. Microcontroller projects often light up an LED, too, and a blinking LED is ...

A transistor is a key component in electronics, often used as a switch or to amplify a signal from a sensor. NPN (negative-positive-negative) transistors are the most used transistor. An illustration ...

IT is well known that changes in the d.c. characteristics of transistor amplifiers with temperature are particularly severe, and tend to limit the range over which these devices can operate. The d.c.

In this, the second part of four articles, Kendall Castor-Perry introduces the driver circuit for what he calls the “Class i” output stage. He shows through detailed analysis that it can deliver ...

The transistor is probably the most important invention in electronic engineering and the basis for nearly all integrated circuits (ICs). The transistor is a three-terminal electronic device that can ...

The first transistors were point contact devices, not far from the cats-whiskers of early radio receivers. They were fragile and expensive, and their performance was not very high. The transistor ...