In conclusion, COPD is a global disease, with increasing prevalence and health-related impact. The loss of FEV 1 may be slowing down, but what is really needed is an intervention that improves it in ...

The natriuretic peptides, specifically brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), are the most specific and applicable laboratory tests available to establish fluid overload associated with HF. 9 BNP is ...

COPD is a heterogeneous lung condition characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms, including dyspnea, cough, sputum ...

Airway smooth muscle (ASM) lies at the core of bronchomotor tone and undergoes profound alterations in chronic airway diseases. In asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), ASM exhibits ...

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of diseases that affect the lungs. The disease makes it difficult to breath and progressively gets worse. About 15 million Americans have been ...

Treatment of COPD with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) may decrease the risk of dying from pneumonia and from other causes despite being associated with an increase in the occurrence of pneumonia, ...

Pulmonary surfactant is a complex lipid–protein mixture that coats the alveolar surface, reducing surface tension and preventing alveolar collapse at end-expiration. Its principal lipid component, ...